Ghana Agribusiness Playbook← Beef Cattle
An investor reviewing a ranch and feedlot plan against the policy that barely mentions it
Beef Cattle · Series intelligence

Finance, Policy and the Enabling Environment

Little public money, an open field. The flagship farm programme sets no cattle production target and its only cattle input line is about GH¢2.84 million for dairy cattle, while cattle businesses get a concessionary income-tax rate of 5 percent for ten years.
Finance, Policy and the Enabling Environment · Pillar 07

The most useful thing to understand about beef-cattle policy in Ghana is what beef cattle does not get. The flagship farm programme is built for poultry: it sets no production target for cattle, and its only cattle input line is about GH¢2.84 million for dairy cattle. Ghana has not adopted a ranching policy, and the state breeding stations have scaled down since donor funding ended in 2010.

For an entrant that cuts two ways: the public tailwind is thin, so do not wait for it, but the field is open and the main incentive is a ten-year concessionary income tax rate of 5 percent for cattle businesses.

A Ghanaian cattle rancher in a pressed shirt sitting across a desk from an agribusiness lending officer in an Accra bank branch, a loan file, a laptop and a printed herd plan open between them, the officer's pen resting on a figure halfway down the page, venetian blinds and a wall map of Ghana behind, documentary photograph, warm earthy tones, natural light, no text, no watermark
Little public money, an open field
Plan around the programme: The public tailwind is thin, so do not wait for it, but the field is open.
10 years
at a concessionary 5 percent income tax rate for a cattle business, then 25 percent
GH¢2.84m
the Feed Ghana input line for dairy cattle, against about GH¢26 billion for poultry
GIPA Act 2026
Act 1173, assented 15 July 2026, turned the GIPC into the Ghana Investment Promotion Authority

🐄 The flagship programme is built for poultry 🐄

Feed Ghana's planned input requirement: about GH¢26 billion for poultry against GH¢2.84 million for dairy cattle, 2025 to 2028
Figure 23 Feed Ghana's planned input requirement: about GH¢26 billion for poultry against GH¢2.84 million for dairy cattle, 2025 to 2028
What this shows

The flagship farm programme is built for poultry. Beef cattle gets almost none of it, which is a policy gap and, for a private entrant, an open field.

The Feed Ghana Programme, about GH¢302 billion over 2025 to 2028, is poultry-led. In its four-year investment table the only cattle input line is ‘Cattle (Dairy)’ at about GH¢2.84 million, against about GH¢26.1 billion for poultry inputs, and no head target is set for cattle.1 The GH¢302 billion is an estimate of what the programme needs, of which the government is expected to fund about 58.5 percent.

The programme’s own cattle interventions sit under a ‘dairy’ sub-component, and its only livestock production targets name poultry, sheep, goats and pigs; for cattle it sets a 70 percent CBPP vaccination target in target regions and plans to upgrade cattle markets and abattoirs and to develop grazing reserves.1 The flagship is poultry and small-ruminant led. Beef cattle is a very small part of it. Delivery has also been slow: the 2026 budget gave the Ministry of Food and Agriculture GH¢2.2 billion, including GH¢245 million for the Nkoko Nkitinkiti poultry project, livestock and other programmes,2 and in August 2026 the programme’s national coordinator confirmed that its ruminant and pig interventions had not started and were due to launch in September 2026.3

GH¢302bn
the Feed Ghana Programme's estimated need, 2025 to 2028, about 58.5 percent expected from government
No target
no head target is set for cattle
📡 MARKET SIGNAL: PLAN AROUND THE PROGRAMME

Do not build a business plan that leans on the Feed Ghana Programme to pull beef cattle forward, because on the numbers it will not. That sounds like bad news, and for anyone waiting for subsidy it is. The programme is also unlikely to flood the sector with subsidised competitors, as it may in poultry. The field stays open and unsubsidised, which favours a disciplined private operator who plans to stand on real margins (Pillar 5) and treats any grant as a bonus.

🐄 The main incentive: a ten-year concessionary tax rate 🐄

Against that thin programme support sits one statutory incentive. It sits in the Sixth Schedule of the Income Tax Act, headed ‘temporary concessions’, and Parliament raised its rate from 1 to 5 percent in 2023, so it can change. Income from a cattle business is taxed at a concessionary 5 percent of chargeable income for ten years from the year the business starts, then at the standard 25 percent company rate, and an agro-processing business that turns local livestock into an edible canned or packaged product pays the same 5 percent for five years.45

A feedlot counts as a cattle business, so it falls under the ten-year cattle concession. The concession covers only activities devoted wholly to that business, and it is not available if an associated person has already used it (Act 896, section 134). Cattle gets a longer concession than other livestock, which get five years. Hide processing and tanning do not fit the agro-processing definition, which covers edible products only. For a slow-cycle, capital-heavy business (Pillar 5), a decade at a 5 percent income tax rate is a real cushion over exactly the years when a ranch or feedlot is trying to reach scale.

The public sources disagree on the rate. Since April 2023 the statute sets 5 percent during the concession (Act 1094), and 25 percent applies after it. A widely cited United States investment guide instead says ranching is ‘exempt for ten years and pays 8 percent thereafter’;6 the 8 percent figure appears nowhere in Act 896 and looks like a conflation with the non-traditional-export rate, so treat the Act and the Ghana Revenue Authority as the authority and the 8 percent as unsupported.

The concession is claimed through the Ghana Revenue Authority under the Income Tax Act. The Ghana Investment Promotion Centre became the Ghana Investment Promotion Authority (GIPA) when the President assented to the GIPA Act, 2026 (Act 1173) on 15 July 2026; the Act repeals the GIPC Act, 2013 (Act 865), requires registered enterprises to renew their registration each year, and lets the Minister for Finance grant sector-specific tax incentives by legislative instrument.78

A young Ghanaian ranch owner standing at a rough timber table under a shade tree on a savannah ranch, a hand-drawn paddock plan and a tax registration folder weighted down with a stone against the wind, a herd of white Sanga cattle grazing beyond the wire fence line, dry season grass and thorny acacia, documentary photograph, warm earthy tones, low golden light, no text, no watermark
A statutory concession
A real cushion: A decade at a 5 percent income tax rate is a real cushion over exactly the years when a ranch or feedlot is trying to reach scale.
5%
income tax on a cattle business for its first ten years
25%
the standard company rate once the concession ends
5 years
at 5 percent for processing local livestock into edible packaged products
🎯 OPPORTUNITY
01

The tax concession plus a bankable finishing or ranching plan. The ten-year, 5 percent window is worth the most to the exact business the sector needs most, a formal operation that finishes or ranches cattle at scale, because it shelters the early years when margins are thinnest (Pillar 5).

02

The agro-processing route. An abattoir or meat plant that turns local cattle into packaged edible beef pays 5 percent for five years, which stacks with the value-capture openings in slaughter, cold chain and leather (Pillar 6).

03

First-mover registration. Because so few formal cattle businesses exist, an entrant who registers correctly and claims the concession early holds an advantage that later, unregistered competitors cannot easily match.

🐄 The policy gap: no ranching policy, defunct state ranches 🐄

The abandoned buildings of a defunct state cattle ranch in Ghana, a collapsed corrugated roof over an empty concrete crush pen, rusted steel gates hanging open on broken hinges, tall dry grass reclaiming the yard, a single stray cow grazing in the far distance, flat overcast savannah light, documentary photograph, muted earthy tones, no text, no watermark
The state's own record is a warning
Tadzewu and Branam: Ghana planned in the 1970s to convert these old ranches to commercial use; most state-run fattening ranches in West Africa are now defunct.

Ghana has not adopted a cattle-ranching policy. A Ghana Cattle Ranching and Transhumance Committee was launched in Accra in April 2023 with the Ministry of Food and Agriculture,9 but no national ranching policy had followed by September 2026.

Ranching appears only as a tax line in Act 896, as a problem the Feed Ghana Programme names (‘lack of a structured, well-managed cattle ranching system’), and as scattered herder-ranch pilots in places such as Afram Plains South.101 The state’s own record is a warning: Ghana planned in the 1970s to convert the old ranches at Tadzewu and Branam to commercial use and to create a Ghana Livestock Company, and most state-run fattening ranches in West Africa are now defunct;10 the Animal Production Directorate’s seven breeding stations scaled down after donor funding ended in 2010, and Pong-Tamale held 250 cattle against capacity for 1,000 breeder cows.11 The Feed Ghana Programme plans to restock the breeding stations and train artificial insemination technicians there,1 but its ruminant interventions had not started by August 2026.3

🔍 WHAT THIS MEANS

Without a ranching policy, the model is still open to whoever builds it. Because no ranching policy defines the model, an entrant who builds a working, well-run ranch or feedlot sets the template, and the improved-stock and breeding gap left by the collapsed state stations (Pillar 1) is a supply business in its own right. The caution the history teaches is the opposite of the incentive: state-led ranching failed on land conflict and weak management, so the winning model is privately run, modest in its land footprint, and built with the herders around it rather than by fencing them out.

🐄 The financing rails, and how to get on them 🐄

The financing rails are more useful to an entrant than the programme money. The central rail is a risk-sharing guarantee. By July 2026 GIRSAL had guaranteed GH¢1.85 billion of loans to agribusinesses over six years through 40 participating financial institutions, reaching 6,695 agribusinesses in 88 districts,12 and the Feed Ghana Programme aims to lift agriculture’s share of total bank credit from 3.5 percent in 2024 to 10 percent by 2028.1 Credit is cheaper than a year earlier: the Bank of Ghana held its policy rate at 14 percent in September 2026, and the average bank lending rate fell from 24.2 percent in August 2025 to 15.9 percent in August 2026.13

GIRSAL stands behind the bank that lends to you, covering up to about 70 percent of the default risk,14 which is how a cattle plan that a bank would otherwise refuse can become bankable. One development-partner window in the northern savannah remains open: the African Development Bank’s Savannah Investment Programme, whose US$20 million GAFSP additional financing, approved in December 2023 and due to close on 31 December 2026, supports poultry and small ruminants.15 The IFAD-funded Ghana Agricultural Sector Investment Programme (about US$115 million) was completed on 30 August 2023.16 The table below reads the incentives and rails the way an entrant should, by what each is worth and what the catch is.

A Ghanaian feedlot operator standing at a district veterinary and licensing office counter, an officer pressing a rubber stamp onto a permit form while a second clerk checks an environmental permit file from a stack of manila folders, a noticeboard of pinned circulars and a slow ceiling fan above, worn wooden counter, documentary photograph, warm earthy tones, natural light through louvred windows, no text, no watermark
The guarantee is the lever
How a refused plan becomes bankable: GIRSAL stands behind the bank that lends to you, which is how a cattle plan a bank would otherwise refuse can become bankable.
GH¢1.85bn
of loans guaranteed by GIRSAL over six years to July 2026, through 40 financial institutions
~70%
of a bank's default risk covered by the guarantee that stands behind it
Table 12: The incentives and financing rails read for the entrant: what each is worth, and the catch
Incentive or railWho gives itWhat it is worthThe catch
10-year cattle tax concessionGRA (Act 896 as amended by Act 1094)Income taxed at 5 percent for 10 years, then 25 percentCovers only the cattle business itself, and not if an associated person has used it
Agro-processing tax concessionGRA (Act 896)5 percent for 5 years for processing local livestock into edible packaged productsShorter than the cattle concession; hides and tanning do not qualify
GIRSAL credit guaranteeGIRSAL with Bank of GhanaCovers up to 70 percent of a bank's default riskGuarantee is to the bank, not to you; you still need a bankable plan and a partner bank
GASIP and AfDB Savannah financeIFAD/GoG; AfDB-GAFSPUS$20m AfDB-GAFSP window for poultry and small ruminants; GASIP (US$115m) closed in August 2023Closes at the end of 2026; cattle are not a target group
Feed Ghana Programme inputsMinistry of Food and AgricultureImproved breeds, feed and vaccines in principleOnly about GH¢2.84m for dairy-cattle inputs and no cattle head target; ruminant interventions had not started by August 2026
GIPC/GIPA plant exemptionsGIPC-GIPASector-specific incentives granted by legislative instrument under Act 1173Enterprises with foreign participation must register and renew each year; the Act 865 plant exemption was repealed

Sources: Income Tax Act, 2015 (Act 896) as amended by Act 1094 (2023); Bank of Ghana; GIRSAL; IFAD; African Development Bank; Ministry of Food and Agriculture; Agbove; Ghana Investment Promotion Authority; U.S. Department of State.45141216151376

How to get a ranch or feedlot licensed and financed
Figure 24 How to get a ranch or feedlot licensed and financed
What this shows

A commercial ranch or feedlot must register and clear veterinary, environmental and land steps. The paperwork is a cost, but once held it is a moat.

🔍 WHAT THIS MEANS

For an entrant, GIRSAL is the most useful public lever. A guarantee that lets a bank say yes is worth more to a real cattle business than a subsidy line it will never see. Pair the guarantee with the cattle tax concession and the agro-processing concession, and the state's financing and tax rails do more for your economics than its flagship programme.

🐄 The institutions: the doors to knock on 🐄

Policy and finance changes affecting cattle in Ghana, 2023 to 2026
Figure 25 Policy and finance changes affecting cattle, 2023 to 2026
What this shows

A wave of policy and finance is arriving, but it is aimed at poultry and general agriculture. For beef cattle the tax concession and the financing rails matter more than the flagship programme.

Behind the money sits a small, knowable set of institutions, and knowing which door does what saves months. Policy and extension run through the Ministry of Food and Agriculture, with two directorates that matter most for cattle: the Animal Production Directorate, which owns breeding and husbandry (and the underperforming stations), and the Veterinary Services Directorate, which owns animal health, vaccination and disease control (Pillar 3). Investment registration runs through the Ghana Investment Promotion Authority (GIPA), which replaced the GIPC in July 2026, and the income tax concessions are claimed through the Ghana Revenue Authority. Product standards, meat safety and any processed or exported product run through the Ghana Standards Authority and the Food and Drugs Authority.17 These are the offices an entrant will deal with.

Livestock was about 13 percent of agricultural GDP in 2024, and agriculture about 22 percent of the whole economy.18 Livestock is a real but junior part of the farm economy, and cattle is a junior part of livestock, which is precisely why the policy attention and the budget flow elsewhere. An entrant is building in a corner the state has not prioritised, so expect a tax concession and a loan guarantee and little direct support.

~13%
livestock's share of agricultural GDP in 2024, a real but junior part of the farm economy
~22%
agriculture's share of the whole economy
📡 MARKET SIGNAL: A THIN INSTITUTIONAL MAP REWARDS RELATIONSHIPS

The institutional map is thin, and that is a signal about how to work it. With few offices between you and a licence, relationships matter more than paperwork volume: a working link to the district veterinary officer and the Animal Production Directorate beats any brochure, because they control the health and breeding levers your business lives on. Build those links early, before you need a permit in a hurry.

🐄 The risks that sit inside the policy and finance picture 🐄

A herd owner standing at a fence beside his cattle, waiting on state support that has not been budgeted

Policy that bypasses beef cattle

HIGH
What it is

The flagship Feed Ghana Programme is poultry-led and gives beef cattle no production target and a negligible budget line, so an entrant who assumes the state will co-invest, subsidise inputs or build the missing breeding and ranching infrastructure will be left waiting for support that has not been budgeted.

Evidence

The programme’s investment table sets about GH¢2.84 million for dairy-cattle inputs against roughly GH¢26 billion for poultry, sets no cattle head target, and its ruminant interventions had not started by August 2026.13

Who it hits

Entrants and lenders whose business case depends on public subsidy, cheap improved stock or state-built ranching capacity.

How to manage it, and the opening

Build a plan that stands on its own margins and uses the cattle tax concession and a GIRSAL guarantee, and treat the programme as upside. Treat any public input that does arrive as upside, never as the base case, and capture the openings the state's absence leaves open.

A trader holding a paper of figures as a cedi swing moves the live-cattle price under him

Currency and import-price swings

HIGH
What it is

Beef prices, input costs and the competitiveness of local against imported meat all move with the cedi. A firming cedi cuts the local live-cattle price, as traders reported in May 2026 after the cedi’s earlier gains, while a falling cedi lifts feed, medicine and equipment costs; the cedi then weakened, losing about 9.5 percent against the US dollar in 2026 to 17 July.19

Evidence

In Kumasi in May 2026, a cow that sold for about GH¢30,000 in 2025 was going for GH¢20,000 to 25,000; traders put the fall down largely to the stronger cedi, which cut the cost of imported livestock.20 In Tamale the same month, traders said higher feed and transport costs had pushed their prices up.21

Who it hits

Finishers and feedlots who buy stock and inputs on one currency footing and sell months later on another.

How to manage it, and the opening

Do not over-borrow in a currency you do not earn, keep the finishing window short to limit exposure, and price against the landed cost of imported beef so a cedi swing does not turn a margin negative overnight.

An empty state cattle ranch office, a wall of unfunded programme notices, the promised budget never arriving, documentary photograph

Building a business that depends on a programme or subsidy

MEDIUM
What it is

Ghana's livestock support has a history of being announced, underfunded and superseded: Rearing for Food and Jobs gave way to Planting for Food and Jobs 2.0 and then to the Feed Ghana Programme, each poultry-weighted. A plan whose returns depend on a named programme inherits the risk that the programme is thin, is redirected or lapses.

Evidence

USDA described Rearing for Food and Jobs as underfunded, with most support going to poultry;22 the current flagship sets no cattle head target, and its ruminant interventions had not started by August 2026.13

Who it hits

New entrants who anchor a model on subsidised inputs, grants or a specific programme window rather than on statute and real demand.

How to manage it, and the opening

Anchor the business on the durable rails instead: the statutory tax concession, the GIRSAL guarantee mechanism, and real market demand (Pillar 2). These outlast any single programme and do not depend on a budget line being honoured.

A Ghanaian cattle finisher counting cash at a feedlot gate, working capital tied up in animals that take months to mature, documentary photograph
Stand on your own margins
With no ranching policy and a poultry-weighted programme, the durable rails are the tax concession, the GIRSAL guarantee and real demand.
🔑 KEY TAKEAWAYS
01

The flagship Feed Ghana Programme is poultry-led: beef cattle gets no production target and only about GH¢2.84 million against roughly GH¢26 billion for poultry, so do not plan on it.

02

The main incentive is a statutory ten-year concessionary tax rate of 5 percent for cattle businesses, then 25 percent, with five years at 5 percent for processing local livestock into packaged meat.

03

No ranching policy has been adopted and the state breeding stations have scaled down, a gap to fill privately.

04

The financing rails are usable: a GIRSAL guarantee covering up to 70 percent of a bank's risk, plus the AfDB Savannah Investment Programme window in the north, which runs to the end of 2026 and targets poultry and small ruminants.

05

The institutions are few and knowable, MoFA with its Animal Production and Veterinary Services Directorates, GIPA, the Ghana Revenue Authority and the Ghana Standards Authority, so relationships beat paperwork.

Where this connects. The tax concession and the GIRSAL guarantee are the public side of the enterprise economics that Pillar 5 works through, and they are worth most to the finishing, processing and cold-chain openings mapped along the chain in Pillar 6. Because the state's programme support is thin, the entry strategy in Pillar 8 leans on these durable rails, the statutory tax concession and the financing guarantee, rather than on a programme that bypasses beef cattle.

Written for each reader

🐄 Practitioner intelligence 🐄

Hover any card to pause and lift it.

For students

Learn to read policy for its gaps. The lesson here is that a flagship programme can name a commodity and still starve it, so trace the actual budget line behind the press release. Study the Income Tax Act's Sixth Schedule and the GIRSAL guarantee model, because those two mechanisms, a ten-year concessionary tax rate and a risk-sharing guarantee, are the real public support in this sector. The habit to build is checking the statute and the money flow behind any announced 'support', because in beef cattle the gap between what is promised and what is funded is the whole story.

For entrepreneurs

First move: register your ranching or feedlot business correctly and secure the Act 896 cattle concession through the GRA, because a decade at a 5 percent income tax rate is the largest support the state offers. Then build a bankable plan and approach a partner bank with a GIRSAL guarantee rather than waiting for the Feed Ghana Programme, whose ruminant support had not started by August 2026. The trap to avoid is designing the business around subsidies or improved stock the state no longer supplies. Check the current rate with the GRA before you finalise your model, and treat any programme input that arrives as a bonus.

For investors

Diligence should separate durable rails from lapsing programmes. Underwrite the statutory tax concession (5 percent for ten years) and the GIRSAL guarantee, which are real and bankable, and give zero weight to Feed Ghana Programme support for beef cattle, because the budget shows there is effectively none. A venture whose returns depend on public subsidy has misread the policy, whereas one that claims the tax concession and stands on market margins is working with the grain. Price in currency risk explicitly: cedi swings move both the live-cattle price and imported-beef competitiveness, and stress the model against a firming and a falling cedi before committing.

For ecosystem actors

The highest-value public actions are the cheapest ones: keep the ten-year cattle concession in the Income Tax Act and publish GRA guidance on how a ranch or feedlot claims it, and widen GIRSAL guarantees and northern-savannah investment windows toward cattle finishing and processing. A modest, dedicated ranching and breeding policy, built with herders rather than by fencing them out, would fill the gap the defunct state ranches left. The failure to avoid is announcing another poultry-weighted programme and calling it livestock support, which grows the headline without moving a single beef-cattle margin.

Footnotes
  1. Ministry of Food and Agriculture. Feed Ghana Programme (FGP): A Four-Year Agricultural Transformation Programme (2025-2028). ISBN 978-9988-51-861-5. Accra: Ministry of Food and Agriculture, 2025. https://mofa.gov.gh/site/images/pdf/Feed_Ghana_Programme.pdf.↑
  2. Ato Forson, Cassiel. Resetting for growth, jobs and economic transformation: 2026 budget speech. Accra: Ministry of Finance, 2025. https://mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/budget-statements/2026-Budget-Speech.pdf.↑
  3. Agbove, Philip Teye. "Livestock Farmers Say Feed Ghana Programme Has Left Them Behind." The Fourth Estate, 5 August 2026. https://thefourthestategh.com/2026/08/livestock-farmers-say-feed-ghana-programme-has-left-them-behind.↑
  4. Republic of Ghana. Income Tax Act, 2015 (Act 896). Accra: Ghana Publishing Company (Assembly Press), 2015. https://gra.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/INCOME-TAX-ACT-2015-ACT-896.pdf.↑
  5. Republic of Ghana. Income Tax (Amendment) Act, 2023 (Act 1094). Accra: Ghana Publishing Company (Assembly Press), 2023. https://gra.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/INCOME-TAX-AMENDMENT-ACT-2023-ACT-1094.pdf.↑
  6. U.S. Department of State. 2025 Investment Climate Statements: Ghana. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State, 2025. https://www.state.gov/reports/2025-investment-climate-statements/ghana/.↑
  7. Ghana Investment Promotion Centre. Ghana Investment Promotion Centre (GIPC) Now an Authority. Accra: Ghana Investment Promotion Centre, 2026. https://gipc.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/PRESS-RELEASE-PRESIDENT-PASSES-GIPA-BILL-2026.pdf.↑
  8. "Notable changes introduced by the new Ghana Investment Promotion Authority Act, 2026 (Act 1173)." Afriwise, 27 August 2026. https://www.afriwise.com/blog/notable-changes-introduced-by-the-new-ghana-investment-promotion-authority-act-2026-act-1173.↑
  9. "Launch of the Ghana Cattle Ranching and Transhumance Committee (GCRTC): A new milestone for transhumance in West Africa." YenKasa Africa, 6 April 2023. https://yenkasa.org/launch-of-the-ghana-cattle-ranching-and-transhumance-committee-gcrtc-a-new-milestone-for-transhumance-in-west-africa/.↑
  10. Thébaud, Brigitte, and Christian Corniaux. Ranching in West Africa: Issues and Challenges. Paris: Acting for Life, 2019. https://acting-for-life.org/app/uploads/PB-angl-AFL-ranching-1.pdf.↑
  11. DAI and Nathan Associates London Ltd. Livestock Market Diagnostics Report. Accra: Department for International Development (DFID), Ghana, 2014. https://ghana-made.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Livestock-Market-Diagnostics.pdf.↑
  12. Al-Wilson, Reynold. "GIRSAL holds 2026 Annual General Meeting (AGM)." GIRSAL news, 23 July 2026. https://www.girsal.com/2026/07/23/girsal-holds-2026-annual-general-meeting-agm/.↑
  13. Nixon, Charles. "Average lending rate stood at 15.9% as of August 2026." MyJoyOnline (Joy Business), 24 September 2026. https://www.myjoyonline.com/average-lending-rate-stood-at-15-9-as-of-august-2026/.↑
  14. Addison, Ernest. Governor's Remarks at GIRSAL's 5th Anniversary Launch and Rubber Value Chain Conference. Accra: Bank of Ghana, 2024. https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Governors-Remarks-GIRSALs-5th-Anniversary-Launch-and-Rubber-Value-Chain-Conference-17.09.24.pdf.↑
  15. African Development Bank. Ghana: Additional Financing to Savannah Investment Program (SIP), GAFSP Grant of USD 20,000,000. ADB/BD/WP/2023/275/Approved. Abidjan: African Development Bank, 2023. https://www.gafspfund.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/GHANA%20-%20Approved%20Additional%20Financing%20to%20Savannah%20Investment%20Program%20GAFSP-SIP%20Clean-Final%20ENG.pdf.↑
  16. International Fund for Agricultural Development. Republic of Ghana: Country Strategic Opportunities Programme 2025-2030. EB 2025/OR/14. Rome: IFAD Executive Board, 2025. https://webapps.ifad.org/members/eb-seminars/2025-11-25-EB-Consultations/docs/EB-2025-OR-14.pdf.↑
  17. Nyarko, Stella, Mariano J. Beillard, and Jeffrey D. Galloway. FAIRS Country Report Annual - 2026. GH2026-0018. Accra: USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, 2026. https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=FAIRS+Country+Report+Annual_Accra_Ghana_GH2026-0018.↑
  18. Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Statistics, Research and Information Directorate (SRID). Agriculture in Ghana: Facts and Figures (2024). Accra: Ministry of Food and Agriculture, 2025. https://srid.mofa.gov.gh/sites/default/files/2025-12/AGRICULTURE%20IN%20GHANA%20(Facts%20&%20Figures)%202024.pdf.↑
  19. Bank of Ghana. Monetary Policy Committee Press Release, July 2026. Accra: Bank of Ghana, 2026. https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/MPC-Press-Release-July-2026.pdf.↑
  20. Suleman, Muyid Deen. "Livestock Prices Drop ahead of Eid-ul-Adha in Kumasi." Ghana News Agency, 25 May 2026. https://gna.org.gh/2026/05/livestock-prices-drop-ahead-of-eid-ul-adha-in-kumasi/.↑
  21. "Livestock Traders Experience Mixed Fortunes During Eid al-Adha Celebration in Tamale." Radio Tamale, 3 June 2026. https://radiotamaleonline.com/blog/2026/06/03/livestock-traders-experience-mixed-fortunes-during-eid-al-adha-celebration-in-tamale/.↑
  22. Taylor, Josh. Ghana Livestock Voluntary 2023. GH2023-0003. Accra: USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, 2023. https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Ghana%20Livestock%20Voluntary%202023_Accra_Ghana_GH2023-0003.↑
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