Ghana Agribusiness Playbook← Goats & Sheep
A community animal health worker vaccinating a goat while its keeper holds it steady, a cold-box of vaccine vials open beside them
Goats & Sheep · Pillar 03

Disease, Health and Biosecurity

Keeping animals alive is the hardest part of the business: PPR and internal worms are the main killers, and in Eastern Region PPR vaccination coverage fell from 34.5 percent in 2023 to 13.1 percent in 2024, the year farmers were charged.
Disease, Health and Biosecurity · Pillar 03

The biggest threat to a small-ruminant business in Ghana is keeping the animals alive. Disease, theft and young-stock death can take more than half of what a flock would otherwise earn at market. Two diseases dominate. The first is peste des petits ruminants, a viral disease also known as kata1, endemic across Ghana and the biggest named killer in the sector. The second is internal parasitic worms, which are widespread and cut growth, fertility and survival. On top of these sit theft, dry-season feed shortage and high kid and lamb mortality. The good news is that the worst losses are preventable with vaccination, deworming and basic husbandry, which means health is the area where a serious keeper can most easily out-perform the casual majority.

A veterinary officer vaccinating a goat held firmly by a farmer at an outdoor livestock vaccination event in northern Ghana, other goats and farmers queued nearby, documentary photograph
Preventable, mostly
The worst losses are preventable: vaccination, deworming and basic husbandry.
10%
average all-cause disease mortality farmers reported across their ruminants in twelve months
40%
of small-ruminant farmers name PPR as the likely cause of their most recent deaths
13.2%
median PPR mortality within an affected flock (inter-quartile range 4.9 to 26.3%)

🐐 PPR: the flock-killer that decides who profits 🐐

Peste des petits ruminants is the disease that dominates the sector, and Ghana’s own evidence puts a number on it. Farmers in a three-district survey across the main livestock belts reported an average of 10 percent all-cause disease mortality across the ruminants they keep, cattle included, over twelve months2, and PPR is the disease they most often hold responsible for it: it is named by 40 percent of small-ruminant farmers as the most likely cause of their most recent animal deaths, and farmers in seven focus groups estimated that about half the animals in a herd catch it in a typical farming year, with wide variation between answers.

Within a flock it has actually reached, mortality runs at a median of 13.2 percent of an affected flock, with an inter-quartile range of 4.9 to 26.3 percent and an observed maximum of 63 percent3. In the worst situations, where the virus meets animals with no immunity, mortality can reach 90 percent and morbidity 100 percent4, and the same source adds that where the disease is endemic the mortality rate may be lower. Ghana is such a place: the disease is endemic here and the circulating virus is lineage II5.

Coverage more than halved once farmers were charged. A conference abstract analysing surveillance data from the Eastern Region over 2020 to 2024 recorded 2,130 suspected cases there; goats carried 82.3 percent of recorded cases, 1,754 of 2,1306, and the same abstract found that vaccination coverage in that region more than halved when farmers had to pay: 34.5 percent in 2023, when the vaccine was free, against 13.1 percent in 2024, when farmers paid. In a 2021 survey of 350 farmers in three districts, only 16 percent of herds had been vaccinated against PPR or contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), and farmers named cost, poor knowledge of vaccines and late arrival of vaccinators as the barriers.7 The dose itself is cheap, about US$0.10 at African commercial prices in the 2016 eradication costing. Ghanaian farmers were paying about GH¢5 an animal for PPR vaccination in 2021 and said they would pay about GH¢7 for a sheep and GH¢6.66 for a goat; the same study estimated that a price of about GH¢3.70 to GH¢3.90 would bring 70 percent of animals in.8FAO and WOAH’s eradication plan aims to stop the virus circulating by the end of 2027 and to verify freedom by 2030; in March 2026 the ECOWAS Regional Animal Health Centre brought veterinary chiefs from 12 member states together to synchronise vaccination campaigns across borders91011.

A farmer carrying a visibly weak goat to a separate small isolation pen away from the main flock, rural Ghana, documentary photograph
Goats carry most of the cases
82.3% of recorded cases: Eastern Region surveillance, 2020 to 2024.
US$0.10
cost of the PPR vaccine dose at commercial prices in Africa
34.5% to 13.1%
Eastern Region vaccination coverage, free (2023) versus farmer-paid (2024)
Two panels: what one PPR vaccination costs, from the US$0.10 dose to the GH¢5 Ghanaian farmers paid in 2021, and Eastern Region vaccination coverage of 34.5 percent in 2023 when the vaccine was free against 13.1 percent in 2024 when farmers paid
Figure 3 PPR vaccine coverage in Eastern Region was 34.5 percent the year the vaccine was free and 13.1 percent the year farmers paid
What this shows

The dose is about US$0.10 at commercial prices in Africa. In Burkina Faso’s 2020 campaign the full cost of vaccinating one animal, vaccine included, was US$0.18 through private vets and US$0.30 through the public service, and the vaccine bought for that campaign was under a tenth of that, so most of the cost is staff and transport. The right panel is Eastern Region surveillance: coverage more than halved the year farmers were charged.

A private channel for exactly that access gap already operates in Ghana. Cowtribe, founded in Tamale in 2016, lets farmers subscribe by phone to a schedule of vaccinations and veterinary visits that a partner vet then delivers, priced from about US$3.27 per livestock unit, where one unit is one cow or ten goats or fifty chickens12, and in 2019 said it had 31,000 farmers on its books, about 1,000 of them paying subscribers. The International Livestock Research Institute was still partnering with it on vaccine delivery to women farmers in 202313, and with the drone firm Zipline it took part in the response to the May to June 2023 anthrax outbreak in Upper East Region14.

A community animal health worker in Ghana using a mobile phone to record a vaccination visit while goats mill around a rural compound, documentary photograph
US$3.27
Cowtribe's subscription price per livestock unit (1 cow = 10 goats = 50 chickens)
31,000
farmers Cowtribe said it had on its books in 2019, about 1,000 of them paying subscribers

🐐 Worms, and the other diseases making the priority list 🐐

A farmer administering an oral dewormer drench to a goat using a dosing gun, in a fenced Ghanaian farmyard, documentary photograph
Cheap relative to what it protects
Routine deworming: the constant, unglamorous defence.
81.4%
of 500 sheep and goats sampled in Tolon District, Northern Region (2026), carried gastrointestinal parasites
98.2%
of 110 Djallonke sheep sampled at Ayeduase, Kumasi (2015), carried gastrointestinal parasites

If PPR is the dramatic killer, internal parasitic worms are the constant drain. A 2026 study of 500 sheep and goats in Tolon District, Northern Region, found gastrointestinal parasites in 81.4 percent of them, with strongyle worms the commonest and more frequent in sheep than in goats1516. An earlier study of 110 Djallonke sheep at Ayeduase in Kumasi, sampled in 2015, found parasites in 98.2 percent, with strongyle worms in 94.5 percent17 and coccidia in 51.8 percent.

Worms rarely kill outright, but they slow growth, lower fertility and weaken animals so that other diseases finish them. The drug matters too: in a 2024 field trial on sheep at Techiman, albendazole cut strongyle egg counts by only about 60 percent after 30 days, well short of the 95 percent expected of an effective dewormer, which the authors read as a sign of possible resistance.18 Alongside worms sit contagious caprine pleuropneumonia and the pneumonia complex, mange and other skin parasites, foot rot and orf. Anthrax also strikes in the north: of the 100 animals that died in the May to June 2023 outbreak in Upper East Region, 51 were sheep and 6 goats.14 A recent review of small-ruminant diseases across sub-Saharan Africa lists this same set as the priority problems for smallholders, and the practical defence is the same everywhere: routine deworming, vaccination, clean dry housing and quick separation of sick animals19202.

Table 5: The Main Health and Risk Threats, and What to Do
ThreatEffectManagementCost signal
PPR (kata)Endemic; farmers estimate about half the animals in a herd catch it each year; the disease farmers most often name as the cause of recent deathsVaccinate on a calendarAbout GH¢5 an animal paid by farmers in 2021; the dose itself about US$0.108
Internal worms (helminths)Found in 81.4 percent of 500 sheep and goats sampled in Tolon District (2026) and in 98.2 percent of Djallonke sheep sampled in Kumasi (2015); slow growth15Routine deworming, pasture rotationLow per dose; high if ignored
CCPP and pneumoniaRespiratory deaths, especially in youngVaccination, dry housingModerate
Mange and skin parasitesWeight loss, hide damageDipping, treatmentLow
Theft and predationDirect loss of stockNight housing, herding, guardingLoss avoidance
Dry-season feed shortageWeight loss, weak breedingFodder storage, supplementationFeed cost vs weight loss

Sources: Nuvey et al. (2023), all-cause disease mortality across all ruminants kept; Nuvey et al. (2023), willingness to pay for vaccination; Jones et al. (2016); Yaawie et al. (2026), Eastern Region; Bagulo et al. (2026); Owusu et al. (2016); Kimeli et al. (2025); Emikpe et al. (2024).283615171914

Most of these losses are preventable. The keepers who vaccinate, deworm and house their animals well out-survive and out-earn those who do not.

🐐 Mortality, theft and the weather 🐐

Even without an outbreak, ordinary losses are heavy. MoFA’s livestock policy gives average annual mortality of 32.3 percent in goats and 20.4 percent in sheep, from a 2008 count21, against post-weaning mortality of 0.2 to 3.3 percent on the ministry’s breeding stations. A 2022 survey of 176 sheep farms in five Northern Region districts found annual mortality of 32.8 percent under extensive keeping, 28.5 percent with tethering, 21.2 percent semi-intensive and 14.9 percent intensive.22 On village flocks the loss before weaning is about double the station figure: a 2022 survey of Northern Region sheep farms recorded 40.4 percent of 1,622 lambs dying before three months of age, against 22 percent on a station trial2223 and 79.9 percent survival on 675 Accra Plains records to 201224. In the same Northern Region survey, 34.9 percent of lambs died between weaning and one year, and 14.3 percent of adult sheep died.22

Theft is a serious problem: in northern studies, losses to mortality and theft together wiped out more than half of the market benefit that flocks would otherwise have produced25. The dry season strips the natural grazing, and the feed gap weakens animals just as festival demand builds. The World Bank projects the northern half of the country to become significantly hotter and wetter over the next two decades, with more variable rainfall26.

The profit is in the survival rate.Northern Region sheep farms lost 32.8 percent of their animals a year under extensive keeping and 14.9 percent under intensive keeping, and disease and theft together can erase more than half a flock’s market benefit. Most of that loss comes down to management, and it is where the money leaks out.22 A keeper who vaccinates against PPR, deworms on a calendar, houses animals at night against theft and the weather, and stores dry-season feed will lose far fewer animals than the casual majority. Basic animal health is the cheapest way to out-earn keepers who neglect it.

A simple wooden night housing pen crowded with goats and sheep at dusk on a small Ghanaian farm, documentary photograph
Against theft and the weather
Night housing: one fix for two different risks.
32.8%
annual sheep mortality under extensive keeping, Northern Region sheep farms (2022)
14.9%
annual sheep mortality under intensive keeping on the same farms
40.4%
of 1,622 lambs on Northern Region village flocks died before three months of age
A newborn kid goat suckling from its mother in a straw-lined shelter on a Ghanaian farm, documentary photograph

🐐 The risks that sit inside the health and biosecurity decision 🐐

A veterinary worker giving a goat a vaccination injection while a farmer holds it steady, rural Ghana, documentary photograph

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR, or kata)

VERY HIGH
What it is

A fast-spreading viral disease of goats and sheep, endemic in Ghana and the biggest named killer in the sector.

Evidence

Farmers in focus groups estimated that about half the animals in a herd catch PPR in a farming year, and 40 percent of small-ruminant farmers named it as the likely cause of their most recent losses; those farmers reported losing an average 10 percent of the ruminants they keep to disease of all kinds over twelve months, an all-cause figure rather than PPR’s own2. Within a flock it has actually reached, mortality runs at a median 13.2 percent; the 90 percent sometimes quoted is the ceiling for the worst situations recorded anywhere, and that source notes it may be lower where the disease is endemic, as it is in Ghana3. In Eastern Region surveillance for 2020 to 2024, goats carried 82.3 percent of recorded cases, and vaccination coverage fell from 34.5 percent in 2023, when the vaccine was free, to 13.1 percent in 2024, when farmers paid. Those are regional figures and do not stand in for a national rate6.

Who it hits

Every keeper, but hardest the smallholder with no health plan, who now loses a share of the flock every year rather than occasionally. Goats more than sheep.

How to manage it, and the opening

Vaccinate on a calendar, before any outbreak. The vaccine is about US$0.10 a dose at African commercial prices, and the full cost of vaccinating one animal, vaccine included, was US$0.18 to US$0.30 in Burkina Faso27, so access and cost-sharing are the barrier; Ghanaian farmers paid about GH¢5 an animal in 2021.8 Use free or subsidised vaccine where available, separate sick animals fast, and quarantine new stock.

A farmer inspecting a goat closely by a fence in a Ghanaian farmyard, documentary photograph

Internal parasites (worms)

HIGH
What it is

Gastrointestinal worms are widespread and drain the flock: they slow growth, lower fertility and weaken animals so other diseases finish them.

Evidence

Gastrointestinal parasites were found in 81.4 percent of 500 sheep and goats sampled in Tolon District in a 2026 study, and in 98.2 percent of Djallonke sheep sampled at Ayeduase in Kumasi in 2015.15 Strongyle worms are the dominant parasite of Ghanaian flocks1617.

Who it hits

All flocks, especially young stock and animals on wet, overgrazed pasture. The loss is slow and easy to miss.

How to manage it, and the opening

Deworm on a calendar, not only when animals look sick; rotate or rest pasture where possible; keep housing dry. Routine deworming is cheap relative to the growth and fertility it protects.

A farmer crouching among several goats and young kids in a fenced pen, rural Ghana, documentary photograph

Young-stock mortality

HIGH
What it is

Ordinary death of kids and lambs before weaning, from disease, poor nutrition, cold or neglect.

Evidence

MoFA’s 2008 count put average annual mortality at 32.3 percent in goats and 20.4 percent in sheep; a 2022 survey of Northern Region sheep farms found 32.8 percent under extensive keeping and 14.9 percent under intensive keeping.22 On Northern Region village flocks, 40.4 percent of lambs died before weaning and 34.9 percent of those weaned died before one year; research stations and recorded herds keep pre-weaning survival near four fifths.22 Losses to mortality and theft together can erase more than half of a flock’s market benefit.

Who it hits

Breeding flocks above all: every kid or lamb lost is lost flock growth and income.

How to manage it, and the opening

Keep young stock alive: shelter against cold and rain, ensure the dam is fed and the kid suckles early, deworm and vaccinate, and house at night. Record deaths by age and month. Survival is where a breeding business is won or lost.

A Ghanaian farmer checking a goat's health by a fence at a rural farmstead, no vaccination record in hand, documentary photograph
🐐 Openings: where animal health pays 🐐
01

Subscription animal health, on the Cowtribe model. Coverage more than halved the year farmers were charged for PPR vaccine, yet farmers surveyed in 2021 said they would pay about GH¢7 an animal, above the GH¢5 then charged, which points to timing and cash flow. A small regular subscription spreads the cost; Cowtribe, founded in Tamale in 2016, offers one.8

02

Quarantine and resale yards. Buyers are advised to purchase in small lots and quarantine every new animal, and few have the space to do it. A yard that holds, observes and certifies incoming stock for two weeks is selling exactly the risk reduction the chain needs and cannot produce for itself.

03

Vaccination-day logistics. The vaccine is a small part of the cost: in Burkina Faso’s 2020 campaign it was under a tenth of the US$0.18 to US$0.30 it cost to vaccinate one animal, and private vets were paid about XOF 50, roughly US$0.09, for each animal they vaccinated, so most of the expense is the vaccination round itself.27 Whoever aggregates enough animals into one round makes the economics work for a vet who currently cannot justify the trip.

04

Paid vaccinators and agro-vet counters. In a survey of 350 ruminant farmers in three districts, only a third used veterinary officers, who were on average 8 km away, half used informal providers, and most medicines farmers applied were wrong for the disease. A trained vaccinator or an agro-vet counter at the livestock market, paid per animal and stocking the right drugs, fills that gap.2

05

The digital and AI angle. The feasible starting point is a reminder engine. Vaccination and deworming are calendar problems, and a service that holds each flock's dates and sends the prompt by SMS needs no model at all to begin. Image-based diagnosis of skin and eye conditions can follow later, built on the records the reminder service generates.

06

Deworming with a check. Albendazole cleared only about 60 percent of strongyle eggs in a 2024 field trial on sheep at Techiman, so a service that counts worm eggs before and after dosing and switches drug class when a dose fails sells something keepers cannot do alone.18

🐐 Key takeaways 🐐
01

Keeping animals alive is the hardest part of the business; disease and young-stock death drain more value than low prices.

02

PPR (kata) is endemic: farmers estimate that about half the animals in a herd catch it in a year, and it is the disease they most often name as the cause of their recent deaths. Those farmers lose an average of a tenth of the ruminants they keep to disease of all kinds each year, and PPR kills a median 13.2 percent of a flock it reaches. In Eastern Region surveillance, goats carried 82.3 percent of recorded cases and coverage more than halved the year farmers were charged, 34.5 percent in 2023 against 13.1 percent in 2024, on regional figures that do not stand in for a national rate.

03

The PPR dose costs about US$0.10 at African commercial prices, vaccinating one animal cost US$0.18 to US$0.30 all in during Burkina Faso's 2020 campaign, and Ghanaian farmers paid about GH¢5 an animal in 2021, so access and cost-sharing are the barrier.

04

Internal worms were found in 81.4 percent of sheep and goats sampled in Tolon District in 2026 and 98.2 percent of Djallonke sheep sampled in Kumasi, and they cut growth and fertility; routine deworming is the defence.

05

Annual sheep mortality of 32.8 percent under extensive keeping and 14.9 percent under intensive keeping in the Northern Region, against 0.2 to 3.3 percent post-weaning on the ministry's breeding stations, plus theft and dry-season feed gaps, mean survival management is the surest route to out-earning the market; on Northern Region village flocks 40.4 percent of lambs died before weaning in 2022, against 22 percent on a research station.

Written for each reader

🐐 Practitioner intelligence 🐐

Hover any card to pause and lift it.

For students

If you are thinking of entering, budget for a vaccination and deworming calendar before you budget for animals: it is a smaller sum than most first-timers expect, and it is the spend that most affects whether a flock survives its first year. The first-timer mistake is buying stock cheaply because it looks thin or unwell, then losing it within weeks. If you have no capital for a flock yet, offer a paid deworming and vaccination round to neighbours' flocks first: it builds the health judgement and the local reputation a keeper needs before owning animals at scale.

For entrepreneurs

Make animal health your first investment. Budget for PPR vaccination, a deworming calendar and night housing from day one; these cost little and prevent the losses that sink most flocks. If you can keep survival high in a market where most cannot, you will out-earn larger but poorly managed competitors.

For investors

Underwrite the survival rate before the herd size. A business plan that assumes low mortality without a funded health and housing system is not credible. The strongest investments pair a flock with a veterinary and feeding protocol; the cheap PPR vaccine and routine deworming are high-return spending.

For ecosystem actors

Free or subsidised PPR vaccination delivered at scale is among the highest-return public actions: in Eastern Region coverage was 34.5 percent the year the vaccine was free and 13.1 percent the year farmers paid, and a Ghanaian study put the price that would reach 70 percent coverage at under GH¢4 an animal. In 2025 the Veterinary Services Directorate, with FAO and EU funding, ran PPR vaccination in 72 communities across the Savannah, Upper East and North East regions.828 Pair it with accessible veterinary services and theft prevention, and channel both through the Feed Ghana Programme once its ruminant component starts.

Where this connects.The health risk of buying stock blind, priced here, is what Pillar 1 argues against when it says to buy in small lots from separate sources and quarantine every new animal. Night housing appears here as a disease and weather measure and again in Pillar 4 as the same fix for theft, its highest-return use on the farm. What survival is worth in cedis, and who captures the value a sick or thin animal loses before it reaches market, is carried through Pillar 5’s costs and Pillar 6’s value chain.

Footnotes
  1. Center for Food Security and Public Health. Peste des Petits Ruminants. Factsheet, last updated July 2024. Ames, IA: Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 2024. https://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/peste_des_petits_ruminants.pdf.↑
  2. Nuvey, Francis Sena, Gloria Ivy Mensah, Jakob Zinsstag, Jan Hattendorf, Günther Fink, Bassirou Bonfoh, and Kennedy Kwasi Addo. "Management of Diseases in a Ruminant Livestock Production System: A Participatory Appraisal of the Performance of Veterinary Services Delivery, and Utilization in Ghana." BMC Veterinary Research 19 (2023): 237. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-023-03793-z.↑
  3. Jones, Bryony A., Karl M. Rich, Jeffrey C. Mariner, John Anderson, Martyn Jeggo, Sam Thevasagayam, Yi Cai, Andrew R. Peters, and Peter Roeder. "The Economic Impact of Eradicating Peste des Petits Ruminants: A Benefit-Cost Analysis." PLOS ONE 11, no. 2 (2016): e0149982. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149982.↑
  4. World Organisation for Animal Health and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Global Strategy for the Control and Eradication of PPR. Paris and Rome: OIE and FAO, 2015. https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/03/ppr-global-strategy-avecannexes-2015-03-28.pdf.↑
  5. Dundon, William G., Adama Diallo, and Giovanni Cattoli. "Peste des Petits Ruminants in Africa: A Review of Currently Available Molecular Epidemiological Data, 2020." Archives of Virology 165, no. 10 (2020): 2147-2163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04732-1.↑
  6. Yaawie, Titus, Rita Agyekumwaa Asante, Samuel Dapaa, George Akowuah, Samuel Bosoka, Magdalene Odikro, Emmanuel Adetor, Jabir Seidu, Saeed Jabactey Abdullah, and Samuel Sackey. "Analysis of Peste des Petits Ruminants Surveillance and Vaccination Coverage Data, Eastern Region, Ghana, 2025." Journal of Interventional Epidemiology and Public Health 9, no. ConfProc7 (2026): 012. https://doi.org/10.37432/JIEPH-CONFPRO7-0012.↑
  7. Nuvey, Francis Sena, Günther Fink, Jan Hattendorf, Gloria Ivy Mensah, Kennedy Kwasi Addo, Bassirou Bonfoh, and Jakob Zinsstag. "Access to Vaccination Services for Priority Ruminant Livestock Diseases in Ghana: Barriers and Determinants of Service Utilization by Farmers." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 215 (2023): 105919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105919.↑
  8. Nuvey, Francis Sena, Nick Hanley, Katherine Simpson, Daniel T. Haydon, Jan Hattendorf, Gloria Ivy Mensah, Kennedy Kwasi Addo, Bassirou Bonfoh, Jakob Zinsstag, and Günther Fink. "Farmers' Valuation and Willingness to Pay for Vaccines to Protect Livestock Resources against Priority Infectious Diseases in Ghana." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 219 (2023): 106028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106028.↑
  9. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Organisation for Animal Health. Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Eradication Programme II and III: Overview of the Plan of Action (Blueprint). Rome and Paris: FAO and WOAH, 2022. https://rr-middleeast.woah.org/app/uploads/2025/03/ppr-gep-ii-iii-blueprint-dtp3.pdf.↑
  10. Asare, Kingsley. "Ghana's 13m Goats, Sheep at Risk from Deadly PPR Disease: RAHC." Ghanaian Times, 4 March 2026. https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/ghanas-13m-goats-sheep-at-risk-from-deadly-ppr-disease-rahc/.↑
  11. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Organisation for Animal Health. Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Eradication Programme: Contributing to Food Security, Poverty Alleviation and Resilience. Five Years (2017-2021). Rome: FAO and OIE, 2016. https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/03/en-gep-ppr-finalweb.pdf.↑
  12. Idris, Abubakar. "Meet Cowtribe, the Startup Aiming to Solve Africa's Animal Vaccination Problem." TechCabal, 21 October 2019. https://techcabal.com/2019/10/21/meet-cowtribe-the-startup-aiming-to-solve-africas-animal-vaccination-problem/.↑
  13. Kimani, Judy, and Alessandra Galiè. "ILRI Research Project in Ghana Is Identifying Approaches That Benefit Women in Vaccine Delivery." International Livestock Research Institute, 2 March 2023. https://www.ilri.org/news/ilri-research-project-ghana-identifying-approaches-benefit-women-vaccine-delivery.↑
  14. Emikpe, Benjamin Obukowho, Garba Maina Ahmed, Anthony Akunzule, Nii Nortey Hanson-Nortey, Peter Awin, Queenly Quartey, Henry Nii Ayi Anang, et al. "Coordinated Response to Anthrax Outbreaks in the Upper East Region of Ghana; the Role of the One Health Approach." PAMJ One Health 13 (2024): 11. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj-oh.2024.13.11.42004.↑
  15. Bagulo, I., S. C. Yennukwa, I. I. Abdul-Rahman, A. A. Agbolosu, V. A. Nsor, and I. Ibn-Wuni. "Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Small Ruminants in the Tolon District, Ghana." Nigerian Journal of Parasitology 47, no. 1 (2026): 194-200. https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v47i1.19.↑
  16. Dwaah, Prince Kyere, Nana Yaa Awua-Boateng, Helen Djang-Fordjour, Solomon Bakyaayele, and Mohammed Abdul-Nafiw Leppode. "Epidemiological Assessment of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Livestock at Techiman Slaughterhouse, Ghana: A One Health Perspective." Research Square (preprint, not peer reviewed), 26 November 2025. https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-8117981/v1.↑
  17. Owusu, Moses, Jemima Owusu Sekyere, and Frederick Adzitey. "Prevalence and Burden of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Djallonke Sheep in Ayeduase, Kumasi, Ghana." Veterinary World 9, no. 4 (2016): 361-364. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2016.361-364.↑
  18. Dwaah, Prince Kyere, Nana Yaa Awua-Boateng, Sylvia Afriyie Squire, Issah Bagulo, Denis Dekugmen Yar, Helen Djang-Fordjour, and Helena Agyei Lartey. "Aqueous Extracts of Moringa oleifera and Carica papaya Moderately Reduce Gastrointestinal Helminth Burden in Sheep under Field Conditions in Ghana." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 13 (2026): 1847798. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2026.1847798.↑
  19. Kimeli, Peter, Kennedy Mwacalimba, Raymond Tiernan, Erik Mijten, Tetiana Miroshnychenko, and Barbara Poulsen Nautrup. "Important Diseases of Small Ruminants in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review with a Focus on Current Strategies for Treatment and Control in Smallholder Systems." Animals 15, no. 5 (2025): 706. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15050706.↑
  20. Challaton, Kétomon Pierre, Kadoéito Cyrille Boko, Coovi Guénolé Akouedegni, Goué Géorcelin Alowanou, Aboudou Habirou Kifouly, and Mawulé Sylvie Hounzangbé-Adoté. "Common Infectious and Parasitic Diseases in Goats of Tropical Africa and Their Impacts on Production Performance: A Review." World's Veterinary Journal 13, no. 3 (2023): 425-440. https://doi.org/10.54203/scil.2023.wvj47.↑
  21. Ministry of Food and Agriculture. Ghana Livestock Development Policy and Strategy. Accra: Ministry of Food and Agriculture, 2016. https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/gha169291.pdf.↑
  22. Salifu, Sadat, Ibn Iddriss Abdul-Rahman, Terry Ansah, Bernard Ato Hagan, Aisha Valentina Sulleyman, and Mohammed Tiyumtaba Shaibu. "West Africa Dwarf Sheep Management Systems and Exposure to Potential Stressors in the Savannah Agroecological Zone of Ghana." Ghana Journal of Science, Technology and Development 8, no. 2 (2022): 114-130. https://doi.org/10.47881/379.967x.↑
  23. International Livestock Centre for Africa. Economic Trends: Small Ruminants. ILCA Bulletin No. 7. Addis Ababa: ILCA, 1980. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstreams/921bba18-0511-4476-8451-ca679b5299b2/download.↑
  24. Hagan, B. A., J. K. Nyameasem, A. Asafu-Adjaye, and J. L. Duncan. "Effects of Non-genetic Factors on the Birth Weight, Litter Size and Pre-weaning Survivability of West African Dwarf Goats in the Accra Plains." Livestock Research for Rural Development 26, no. 1 (2014): article 13. https://www.lrrd.org/lrrd26/1/haga26013.htm.↑
  25. Adams, Faizal, Kwasi Ohene-Yankyera, Robert Aidoo, and Camillus Abawiera Wongnaa. "Economic Benefits of Livestock Management in Ghana." Agricultural and Food Economics 9 (2021): 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-021-00191-7.↑
  26. Desjonqueres, Chloe, Hongxi Zhao, Walker Kosmidou-Bradley, and Paul Corral. Ghana's Climate Vulnerability Profile. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/099060524110782274.↑
  27. Ilboudo, Guy Sidwatta, Papa Abdoulaye Kane, Pacem Kotchofa, Edward Okoth, Adama Maiga, and Michel Dione. "Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Vaccination Cost Estimates in Burkina Faso." Animals 12, no. 16 (2022): 2152. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12162152.↑
  28. FAO Regional Office for Africa. "Small Ruminants Vaccinated in Northern Ghana under EU Food Security Response Project." Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 9 June 2025. https://www.fao.org/africa/news-stories/news-detail/small-ruminants-vaccinated-in-northern-ghana-under-eu-food-security-response-project/en.↑
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