Ghana Agribusiness Playbook← Broiler Chicken
A farmer weighing feed against a batch of market-ready broilers
Broiler Chicken · Pillar 05

Cost and Returns

Feed is about half the cost of a broiler and chicks a fifth to nearly a third. At 2026 prices an indicative 1,000-bird cycle can return about 45 percent, but the profit turns on the live sale price, and the break-even sits near GH¢38 a kilogram live.
Cost and Returns · Pillar 05

Everything in the last four pillars now meets the balance sheet. The imported chick, the feed, the feed conversion gap and the birds lost to disease all become one number: what a cycle costs and what it earns.

The model below builds that number for a typical 1,000-bird cycle. Every figure here is indicative, because Ghana has no single audited cost dataset, and each line names its basis. Figures are as reported between July and September 2026 and may have changed since.

A Ghanaian broiler farmer weighing a live bird on a hanging scale in the doorway of a poultry house at market day
One number: what a cycle earns
The whole flock meets the balance sheet: what a cycle costs, and what it earns.
48 to 59%
of broiler cost is feed on typical Ghanaian farms, the biggest single line
GH¢82,100
committed to an indicative 1,000-bird cycle before the first bird is sold
~45%
return on the indicative 1,000-bird cycle at 2026 prices

🐔 Where the money goes: feed comes first 🐔

Where the money goes in a broiler cycle: the cost structure, with feed and chicks dominating
Figure 10 Where the money goes in a broiler cycle: the cost structure, with feed and chicks dominating
What this shows

Read the cost structure as a to-do list ranked by size. Feed is the biggest single cost by far, so a gain in feed conversion is worth more than the same percentage saving on chicks, labour or medicine. The chick is the next largest cost, and most chicks are imported or hatched from imported parent stock, so its price follows the dollar. The two biggest costs are the two most exposed to management and to the exchange rate, which is exactly why the local bird struggles to undercut the import, and why efficiency comes before scale as the first place to look for profit.

One cost swamps all the others: feed is about half the cost of raising a broiler, 48 to 59 percent on three typical Ghanaian farms costed on 2020 data,1 with the day-old chick next at about a fifth to nearly a third.

Together, feed, chicks and labour made up about 78 to 88 percent of total cost on those farms.1 Because feed is the largest cost, the feed conversion ratio from Pillar 1 is one of the main profit levers a farmer controls, and every wasted kilogram of feed is money that never comes back.

78 to 88%
of cost is feed, chicks and labour together, on the same farms
2nd
largest cost is the day-old chick, at a fifth to nearly a third of the total

🐔 A cycle in numbers: the indicative 1,000-bird model 🐔

The table below builds a single 1,000-bird cycle on a consistent basis: birds sold at about 2.4 kilograms liveweight after about 10 percent mortality, a field feed conversion ratio near 2.0 (between the six-week figure of about 1.65 in Pillar 1 and the 2.1 to 2.4 of the typical Ghanaian farms costed by Chibanda et al.1), complete broiler feed at about GH¢8.80 a kilogram, the Kumasi price on De Heus’s September 2026 list,2 and chicks at about GH¢20 each.

Each bird that dies is counted as eating half a finished bird's feed. The companion Cost and Returns Model holds the full version, with every input on one sheet.

Stacked 50 kilogram bags of broiler feed piled in the store of a Ghanaian poultry farm, a farmer lifting one bag
Feed is about half the bill
The biggest cost, up front: a 50 kg bag of complete broiler feed cost GH¢422 to GH¢453 on De Heus’s September 2026 list.
A brooding house of day-old broiler chicks under warm red heat lamps on fresh litter at a Ghanaian farm
Its price follows the dollar
The next largest cost: day-old chicks at about GH¢20 each.
GH¢118,800
revenue, 900 birds at 2.4 kg and about GH¢55/kg live
GH¢38/kg
the break-even live price that just covers cost

🐔 Table 10: what one 1,000-bird cycle costs and earns 🐔

Table 10: Indicative cost and returns for one 1,000-bird broiler cycle (at 2026 prices)
Line (per 1,000-bird cycle)BasisAmount (GH¢)
Day-old chicks1,000 at about GH¢2020,000
Feedabout 4.56 tonnes at about GH¢8.80/kg, including feed eaten by birds that die40,100
Medication and vaccinationabout GH¢4 a bird4,000
Brooding fuel, power and waterper cycle3,500
Litter and beddingper cycle1,500
Labourper cycle6,000
Transport and marketingper cycle3,000
Miscellaneous and depreciationper cycle4,000
TOTAL COST82,100
Revenue900 birds x 2.4 kg x about GH¢55/kg live118,800
NET PROFIT (indicative)before financing and land36,700
Return on the cycleprofit over costabout 45%
Break-even live pricethe price that just covers costabout GH¢38/kg

Note: chicks and feed are priced from September 2026 retail and depot price lists, and the other cost lines are indicative planning allowances. The live price of about GH¢55 a kilogram is close to the last official figure, GH¢150 for a 2.8 kilogram live bird in 2023.3 In September 2026 grown broilers were listed on Jiji at about GH¢140 to 190 a bird, and one seller asked GH¢160 for birds of 2.5 to 4 kilograms, about GH¢40 to 64 a kilogram live.4 At GH¢45 a kilogram the profit falls to about GH¢15,100 (18 percent), and at typical Ghanaian performance (2.2 kilograms at a feed conversion ratio of 2.2) it is about GH¢26,400 (32 percent). A 15 percent rise in feed, a feed conversion ratio of 2.2, 15 percent mortality and a GH¢45 sale price together leave the cycle at about break-even.

🐔 Model it yourself 🐔

Move the levers yourself. Set the feed price, the feed conversion ratio, the chick cost, the sale price and the batch size to your own field numbers, and watch the profit grow, shrink or turn to a loss in front of you.

Tool 1

Build a broiler cycle

Slide the five drivers that decide a cycle. The model runs a batch at about 10 percent mortality, birds sold at about 2.4 kg liveweight, and counts each bird that dies as eating half a finished bird’s feed.

GH¢82
Cost per bird
GH¢118,800
Revenue, 900 birds sold
45%
Return on the cycle
+GH¢36,672
Net profit per cycle, before financing and land
A healthy margin at these numbers, but it rests on a sale price the farmer does not set. The live sale price moves profit most, then the feed price and feed conversion, because feed is the biggest cost. Push feed conversion down and the same birds sell for the same money on less feed.

Indicative base case: complete broiler feed about GH¢8.80/kg (De Heus, September 2026), feed conversion about 2.0, chicks about GH¢20, live price about GH¢55/kg, 1,000 birds at about 10 percent mortality (Table 10 above).

Tool 2

Where the money goes

The same cycle, split into its parts. Feed is about half of cost, which is why a gain in feed conversion is worth more than the same percentage saving on chicks, labour or medicine.

FeedGH¢40,128

Complete broiler feed, made mostly from home-grown maize with imported soybean meal and concentrates. The single biggest cost and a main profit lever.

49% of cost
Day-old chicksGH¢20,000

Imported or hatched from imported parent stock, so the price follows the dollar. The next largest cost after feed.

24% of cost
Everything elseGH¢22,000

Medication, brooding, litter, labour, transport, miscellaneous and depreciation.

27% of cost
GH¢38.02
Break-even live price, per kg, that just covers cost
73%
Feed and chicks together, the two cost lines that carry the exchange rate
Two cost lines carry the exchange rate. Most chicks are imported or hatched from imported parent stock, and feed prices follow imported soybean meal and concentrates and the world maize price, though most maize is grown at home. A cedi slide raises both bills together and can flip a modest profit into a loss without the farmer doing anything wrong.

Non-feed, non-chick lines held at about GH¢22 a bird placed (medication, brooding, litter, labour, transport, miscellaneous and depreciation). Feed share in line with Chibanda et al.,1 where feed was 48 to 59 percent of cost on typical Ghanaian farms.

🐔 What moves the profit most 🐔

What moves broiler profit most: the swing in net profit as each driver moves up or down
Figure 11 What moves broiler profit most: the swing in net profit as each driver moves up or down
Market signal: the model carries the dollar twice

Two cost lines carry the exchange rate. Most chicks are imported or hatched from imported parent stock, and feed prices follow imported soybean meal and concentrates and the world maize price. A cedi slide raises the feed bill and the chick bill together, and can flip a modest profit into a loss without the farmer doing anything wrong. The exchange rate is a large risk that sits off the farm, and cheaper local feed and locally hatched chicks are the main hedge against it.

The margin is real, but a few inputs decide it. Moving each driver 20 percent up or down, one at a time, shifts the profit by about 65 percent for the live sale price (which the import ceiling of Pillar 2 caps), by about 22 percent each for the feed price and the feed conversion ratio, by about 11 percent for the chick price and by about 6 percent for mortality.

A 20 percent fall in the sale price alone cuts the profit to about GH¢12,900, and a bad cycle that combines several of these moves can wipe it out.

Price first. A 20 percent move in the live sale price shifts profit about three times as much as the same move in the feed price or the feed conversion ratio.

~65%
swing in profit from a 20 percent move in the live sale price, the biggest driver
~22%
swing each from a 20 percent move in the feed price or the feed conversion ratio

🐔 Inflation and a moving market 🐔

Costs and prices move with the wider economy, in both directions. Headline inflation fell from 23.5 percent in January 2025 to 3.2 percent in March 2026, the lowest since the consumer price index was rebased in 2021, and stood at 5.0 percent in August 2026, with food inflation at 3.0 percent.567 Money is cheaper than a year ago: the Bank of Ghana held its policy rate at 14 percent in September 2026, and the average bank lending rate fell to 15.9 percent in August 2026, from 24.2 percent a year earlier.8

The cedi is weakening again after a strong 2025. The Bank of Ghana rate was about GH¢10.45 to the US dollar at the end of 2025, about GH¢11.20 in mid-June 2026 and about GH¢11.66 on 28 September 2026, a fall of about 10 percent since the start of the year.9 A broiler cycle carries the dollar in several places. The parent stock behind every chick is imported, about 786,091 parent birds in 2023,10 and soybean meal and concentrates for feed are freely imported.3 White maize, the largest ingredient, is mostly grown at home, and its price has swung hard: a 50 kilogram bag fell from GH¢350 in March 2025 to about GH¢180 in March 2026,11 and the national average then rose 8.9 percent in August 2026 alone, to GH¢3,141 a tonne.12

Cheap local maize has pulled complete feed down this year. De Heus’s broiler starter in Tema fell from GH¢462 a 50 kilogram bag in January 2026 to GH¢433 in September, while its soya-rich broiler concentrate rose from GH¢575 to GH¢590.1314 The world market is now moving the other way: in the year to 2 September 2026, world soybean prices rose by about a quarter and maize by about a seventh,12 faster than the World Bank expected in April,15 and the Bank of Ghana warns that a strong El Niño later in 2026 could raise food prices.8

3.2%
headline inflation in March 2026, the lowest since the 2021 rebasing; 5.0 percent in August
15.9%
average bank lending rate in August 2026, down from 24.2 percent a year earlier
GH¢11.66
to the US dollar on 28 September 2026, about 10 percent weaker since the start of the year

A cost sheet from last season can be well out of date, and a fall in the live price can arrive in the same season as a rise in feed. Re-cost every input before each placement, keep a buffer against both a price fall and a cost rise, prefer an offtake agreement with a processor or institution that fixes the sale price before placement or ties it to feed costs, and buy feed forward when a supplier will hold the price.

🐔 Why Ghana costs more, and the three-cycle ceiling 🐔

Ghanaian broiler production is structurally expensive. On 2020 typical-farm data, Ghanaian broiler production cost per kilogram of liveweight was 180 to 219 percent higher than on a typical German farm and 144 to 178 percent higher than on a typical Dutch farm.1 Two things drive it: poor feed conversion, and high feed and chick prices.1

On top of that sits a time limit. The typical Ghanaian farms ran about three broiler cycles a year, against 7.6 to 7.8 on the typical German and Dutch farms,1 because most producers time flocks for festive demand at Christmas, Easter and Eid.16 Fewer cycles mean the fixed costs of a shed are spread over less output, which raises the cost of every bird again.

The cost gap comes from both farm performance and input prices: poor feed conversion, dear chicks and feed, and few cycles a year. Better feed use alone could cut about a quarter of cost on the typical Ghanaian farms, though it would still leave them above European costs.1 This is why the local bird struggles on the open frozen shelf against a cheap import, and why the openings that pay are the ones that attack the structure: cheaper local feed, local hatching, and selling into the premium and protected channels where the import cannot set the price.

The gap against European farms has several parts, and each can be worked on separately.

A busy Ghanaian market stall selling live and dressed broiler chickens, a trader handing a bird to a customer
Three cycles a year
Only about three cycles a year on typical Ghanaian farms: fixed costs spread over less output.
3 vs 7.6 to 7.8
broiler cycles a year, typical Ghanaian farms against typical German and Dutch farms
180 to 219%
higher cost per kilogram of liveweight than a typical German farm, on 2020 data1
Table 11: The Ghana cost gap decomposed into separately fixable drivers (alongside the fewer cycles a year noted above)
Cost driverGhanaEuropeWhy it matters
Feed conversion ratioabout 2.0 to 2.4about 1.5Ghana buys more feed for each kilo of bird produced
Day-old chickdearer, and importedcheaper, and localThe chick is a bigger cost in Ghana, and follows the dollar
Feed pricehigher, with dear maize and soya and variable feed qualitylower, local grainFeed is the biggest cost, so a higher price magnifies the gap

Source: Chibanda et al. (2022, 2024). Figures rounded.

Broken into its parts, the gap is less daunting. Feed conversion and the chick, two of the biggest drivers, are the very things better husbandry and local hatching improve, and cheaper local feed follows from local milling. Ghana's cost disadvantage is the sum of specific, addressable levers, and the openings in local feed, local hatching and efficiency services are the same levers that close the gap.

🐔 The scale paradox: bigger can cost more 🐔

A mid-sized Ghanaian broiler house with rows of white birds on deep litter, the farmer checking a record book
Well run can beat bigger
On three typical farms costed on 2020 data, the medium farm had the lowest cost per kilo: past a point, management matters more than sheer size.

It is tempting to assume the fix is simply to farm bigger, but the evidence complicates that. In a 2015 estimate, about 87 percent of Ghanaian broiler farms were small, 9 percent medium and 5 percent large, yet the large farms supplied about half of local broiler meat.16

Cost, though, does not fall in a straight line with size: on the three typical farms costed with 2020 data, the medium farm had the lowest cost per kilogram of liveweight, about 12 percent below the large integrated farm and close to the small farm.1

The lesson is that scale helps up to a point, after which management matters more than sheer size. A well-run medium farm can beat a poorly-run large one, because in that study the large farm’s costs were pushed up by 10 percent mortality from low-quality local chicks and by higher fuel, energy and water bills.161 The goal is to be well run at a scale you can manage, which is encouraging for a careful entrant who cannot start large.

~50%
of local broiler meat came from the large farms, in a 2015 estimate16
~12%
lower cost per kilo on the medium farm than on the large integrated farm
🐔 The Opening: cost and returns 🐔
01

Local feed milling and ingredient supply. Because feed is about half of cost and its price follows imported soybean meal and concentrates and the world maize price, any cut in feed cost flows straight to the bottom line and reduces the dollar exposure.

02

Efficiency and record-keeping services. Helping farms measure and cut their feed conversion ratio and mortality, two levers that move the margin.

03

Aggregation for scale. Pooling smallholder birds to buy feed and chicks in bulk and sell in volume, attacking the small-scale cost penalty directly.

🐔 The risks that sit inside the cost and returns 🐔

Sacks of broiler feed and maize stacked at a Ghanaian farm store with a rising price board, a farmer counting cost, documentary photograph

Feed-cost and feed-quality shock

VERY HIGH
What it is

Feed is about half of cost, so a jump in the maize, soya or feed price, or a batch of poor-quality feed that worsens conversion, can wipe out much of a cycle's margin.

Evidence

Feed was 48 to 59 percent of cost on typical Ghanaian farms;1 local maize rose about 59 percent in the year to March 2025 and then fell by about half in the year to March 2026;1711 and a 50 kilogram bag of complete broiler feed cost GH¢422 to GH¢453 on De Heus’s September 2026 list.142

Who it hits

Every producer, worst for those buying feed cycle-to-cycle without storage or a bulk deal.

How to manage it, and the opening

Buy feed forward or in bulk, test quality, and formulate with cheaper local ingredients where possible. The opening is local feed milling that cuts both the cost and the import exposure.

A Ghanaian broiler farmer with an empty cash box in front of a shed full of half-grown birds still weeks from sale, documentary photograph

The working-capital squeeze

HIGH
What it is

A broiler cycle ties up most of its cost in feed and chicks weeks before any revenue arrives, so a farm can be profitable on paper yet run out of cash mid-cycle and be forced to sell birds early and cheap.

Evidence

Chicks and feed are paid up front and make up the bulk of the roughly GH¢82,100 committed to a 1,000-bird cycle before the first bird is sold (indicative model above).

Who it hits

Undercapitalised and first-time farmers without a cash buffer or affordable credit.

How to manage it, and the opening

Size the flock to the cash on hand, secure a working-capital line before placing, and stagger placements. The opening is cycle-financing products and input-on-credit schemes tied to a confirmed buyer.

A Ghanaian poultry trader weighing dressed chickens at a market stall, cost and price written on a chalkboard, documentary photograph

A margin that turns on the sale price

HIGH
What it is

The margin sits between a feed cost that can rise and a sale price capped by cheap imports, so a fall in the live price or a rise in feed can erase much of a cycle's profit.

Evidence

The indicative return is most sensitive to the live sale price, then to feed price and feed conversion, and a sharp fall in the sale price can flip profit to loss (indicative model above).

Who it hits

All producers, but fatally for those with no buffer who treat one good cycle as the norm.

How to manage it, and the opening

Compete on cost control and a secured premium channel, and keep records to know the real margin. The opening is efficiency and aggregation services that protect the margin.

Imported day-old chicks and feed sacks beside a currency-exchange board in Ghana, showing the imported inputs behind a broiler cycle, documentary photograph
The dollar in two cost lines
Most chicks are imported or hatched from imported parent stock, and feed follows imported soybean meal and concentrates, so a cedi slide raises both of the biggest costs at once.
🐔 Key takeaways 🐔
01

Feed is the biggest single cost of a broiler, and feed, chicks and labour together are the great majority of it. Efficiency, led by feed conversion, is the first place to find profit.

02

On an indicative 1,000-bird cycle the margin is real and depends most on the live sale price and on feed. The model is a planning frame.

03

The two biggest costs, feed and chicks, both follow the dollar through imported parent stock, soybean meal and concentrates, so the model carries exchange-rate risk twice. A cedi slide raises both of those costs at once.

04

Ghanaian production costs run well above those of European farms because of poor feed conversion, dear feed and chicks, and only about three cycles a year. The disadvantage comes from both farm performance and input prices.

05

Because the problem is structural, the openings that pay attack the structure: local feed, local hatching, aggregation for scale, and selling into protected premium channels.

Written for each reader

🐔 Practitioner intelligence 🐔

Hover any card to pause and lift it.

For students

If you want to understand this business, learn to build and read the cost model before you ever buy a bird. Take the indicative cycle here, put in real feed and chick prices you gather from a local market, and see how large the margin is and what moves it. The trap is being dazzled by the revenue line and ignoring that the sale price, feed and the exchange rate decide whether it becomes profit. What you gain is the single most useful skill in agribusiness, the ability to tell a real margin from a hopeful one, which makes you valuable to any farm or investor.

For entrepreneurs

First move: build your own cost model on measured field prices before committing capital, and size the flock to the cash you can tie up for a full cycle. Lock feed and chick costs where you can, and secure a buyer at a price above your break-even before you place. The trap that kills first-timers is running out of working capital mid-cycle and dumping birds early and cheap. The margin holds only for the operator who controls feed conversion and cost and secures the sale price, so treat efficiency as the core of the business.

For investors

Diligence asks: what is this farm's real, measured cost per kilogram, its feed conversion ratio, and its exposure to feed and chick prices. Do not accept the breed-sheet economics; ask for cycle records. The margin turns on the sale price and is doubly exposed to the exchange rate, so underwrite the input-cost position and the offtake price before the headline return. The thesis worth backing is anything that structurally lowers cost (local feed milling, hatching and aggregation), and any figure without cycle records behind it should be treated as indicative.

For ecosystem actors

The lever is input cost: because feed and imported chicks drive the cost disadvantage, public support that lowers local feed and hatchery costs does more for competitiveness than any output subsidy. Measure success as the fall in the average cost per kilogram of local broiler and in feed conversion across supported farms. The failure to avoid is subsidising output while leaving the import-priced input structure untouched, which just moves the loss onto the public purse.

Footnotes
  1. Chibanda, Craig, Petra Thobe, Mohamad Isam Almadani, Peter van Horne, Claus Deblitz, and Christine Wieck. "Improving broiler farm competitiveness in Ghana and Senegal: insights from comparative analysis with Germany and the Netherlands." Agriculture & Food Security 13, no. 1 (2024): 65. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-024-00519-8.↑
  2. De Heus Ghana. Kumasi market advice pricelist, September 2026 (effective 1 September 2026, Kumasi and northern zones). Tema: De Heus Ghana, 2026. https://www.deheus.com.gh/siteassets/pricelist/september/genaral_market-pricelist_de-heus-ghana_sept-26_kumasi.pdf.↑
  3. Taylor, Josh. Ghana poultry voluntary update 2024. GAIN Report GH2024-0002. Accra: USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, 2024. https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Ghana+Poultry+Voluntary+Update+2024_Accra_Ghana_GH2024-0002.↑
  4. Jiji Ghana. "Broilers: search results." Jiji Ghana, n.d., accessed 29 September 2026. https://jiji.com.gh/search?query=broilers.↑
  5. Lartey, Nii Larte. "From 23% to 6%: Ghana's 2025 inflation slowdown, the context and economic signals." Citi Newsroom, 4 December 2025. https://www.citinewsroom.com/2025/12/from-23-to-6-ghanas-2025-inflation-slowdown-the-context-and-economic-signals/.↑
  6. Ntow, Francis. "Ghana's inflation falls to 3.2 per cent in March 2026." Ghana News Agency, 1 April 2026. https://gna.org.gh/2026/04/ghanas-inflation-falls-to-3-2-per-cent-in-march-2026/.↑
  7. Zurek, Kweku. "Ghana's inflation rises to 5.0% as non-food prices drive August surge." Graphic Online, 2 September 2026. https://www.graphic.com.gh/business/business-news/ghanas-inflation-rises-to-5-0-as-non-food-prices-drive-august-surge.html.↑
  8. Bank of Ghana. Monetary Policy Committee press release. Accra: Bank of Ghana, 2026. https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/MPC-Press-Release-September-2026.pdf.↑
  9. Bank of Ghana. Historical interbank FX rates. Accra: Bank of Ghana, 2026. https://www.bog.gov.gh/treasury-and-the-markets/historical-interbank-fx-rates/.↑
  10. Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Statistics, Research and Information Directorate. Agriculture in Ghana: Facts and figures (2024). 34th edition. Accra: Ministry of Food and Agriculture, 2025. https://srid.mofa.gov.gh/sites/default/files/2025-12/AGRICULTURE%20IN%20GHANA%20(Facts%20&%20Figures)%202024.pdf.↑
  11. Taylor, Joshua, Mariano J. Beillard, and Jeffrey D. Galloway. Grain and feed annual 2026: Ghana. GAIN Report GH2026-0011. Accra: USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, 2026. https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Grain+and+Feed+Annual_Accra_Ghana_GH2026-0011.pdf.↑
  12. AGRA. Food security monitor, edition 72, August 2026. Nairobi: AGRA, Africa Food Trade and Resilience Initiative, 2026. https://agra.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Final-Food-Security-Monitor-Edition-72-August-2026.pdf.↑
  13. De Heus Ghana. Tema market advice pricelist, January 2026 (effective 12 January 2026, Tema and southern zones). Tema: De Heus Ghana, 2026. https://www.deheus.com.gh/siteassets/pricelist/jan/general_market-pricelist_de-heus-ghana_january-2026_-tema.pdf.↑
  14. De Heus Ghana. Tema market advice pricelist, September 2026 (effective 1 September 2026, Tema and southern zones). Tema: De Heus Ghana, 2026. https://www.deheus.com.gh/siteassets/pricelist/september/genaral_market-pricelist_de-heus-ghana_sept-26_tema.pdf.↑
  15. World Bank. Commodity markets outlook, April 2026. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2026. https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/f3138644a1e8e2bb631399ae11d6c408-0050012026/original/CMO-April-2026.pdf.↑
  16. Chibanda, Craig, Mohamad Isam Almadani, Petra Thobe, and Christine Wieck. "Broiler production systems in Ghana: economics and the impact of frozen chicken imports." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 25, no. 4 (2022): 619-634. https://doi.org/10.22434/IFAMR2021.0142.↑
  17. Taylor, Joshua, Mariano J. Beillard, and Jeffrey D. Galloway. Grain and feed annual 2025: Ghana. GAIN Report GH2025-0012. Accra: USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, 2025. https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Grain+and+Feed+Annual_Accra_Ghana_GH2025-0012.↑
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